Three qualitative methodologies analyzed (useful for the research of subjective experience and meaning):
- 1. Grounded theory
- 2. Discourse analysis
- 3. Narrative analysis
The study
Exploring the experiences of speaking more than one language (multilingual individuals have different experiences in their different languages).
Systemic family therapy
“The recent demand for evidence-based treatments has driven the implementation of outcome studies, which are mainly carried out using quantitative measures. This approach, even if very valuable, has left researchers with some crucial questions, as it is unable to manage the variability and richness of the data.” (p. 237)
Quantitative vs. qualitative
“Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are best suited to different kinds of research questions, posed at different levels, for different audiences, but critically interlinked.” (p. 238)
Different methodologies, same research material
“It has been hard to find a comparison of different methodologies in the qualitative research literature, and what they can accomplish with the same research material.” (p. 240)
The research process
“The most crucial development aspect of the research process […] is the research question.” (p. 240)
Self-reflexivity
“The challenge of maintaining reflexivity throughout the research process is vital in qualitative research.” (p. 256)
Questions are interventive
“An interview does not just elicit a story already known, but often contributes to the construction of a new account with its own effects.” (p. 241)
The importance of pilot interviews
“Asking research participants to reflect on their experiences of the questions and the interview process, and any significant abscences, can be extremely helpful.” (p. 241)
Ontology
What can be known about a subject.
Epistemology
The nature of the relationship between the knower and what can be known.
Research data as “constructed”
“Qualitative research situated within the social constructionist paradigm (Guba and Lincoln, 1994) consider research data, such as the accounts of research participants, as “constructed” within a particular research context, rather than as an objective reflection of “reality”.” (p. 242)
Researcher's position and context
“The ways in which the researcher is positioned as similar and different to the research participants […] also need to be taken into account, alongside an attention to context.” (p. 242)
1. Grounded Theory
“A grounded theory approach, developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) in opposition to hypothesis-testing research, was designed to help researchers elicit and analyse qualitative data to identify important categories in the material with the aim of generating ideas and theory “grounded” in the data. The approach, further developed more recently by, among others, Rennie et al. (1988), Charmaz (1995) and Henwood and Pidgeon (1996), is particularly appropriate for discovery-oriented research in areas which are under-theorized.” (p. 244)
“The strength of a grounded theory approach lies in its ability to aid a researcher to generate theory about processes and to develop conceptual analyses of social worlds. As Pidgeon (1996) argued, it is an approach which enables researchers to conduct contextually sensitive research.” (p. 244)
2. Discourse Analysis
“Discourse is here regarded as a set of meanings, metaphors, representations, images and stories (Burr, 1995), and as an institutionalized use of language (Davies & Harré, 1997) which produces particular versions of events and the social world.” (pp. 248-249)
“Discourse analysis is located in a social constructionist paradigm.” (p. 249)
“The focus of discourse analysis fits well with systemic psychotherapists’ interest in language and dominant and subjugated meanings (White and Epston, 1990), and offers a framework for the deconstruction of meanings.” (p. 249)
“Discourse analysts ask questions about language such as: What actions does this piece of talk perform? What accounts are individuals trying to construct in interaction with each other? How do these accounts change as contexts change? (Wetherell and White, 1992)” (p. 249)
3. Narrative Analysis
“Narrative analysis (Gee, 1991; Kirkman, 1997; Riessman, 1993, 2001) focuses on the way individuals present their accounts of themselves and views self-narrations both as constructions and claims of identity (Linde, 1993).” (p. 252)
An interesting approach to narrative analysis
“Gee’s (1991) method of re-transcribing narrative sequences as poetic stanzas, in order to analyse their organizing metaphors.” (p. 254)
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