“The purpose of this article is to compare three qualitative approaches that can be used in health research: phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory.” (p. 1372)
The paper illustrates how three different approaches can be used to analyze the same set of data.
“The goal in phenomenology is to study how people make meaning of their lived experience.” (p. 1372)
“Discourse analysis examines how language is used to accomplish personal, social, and political projects.” (p. 1372)
“Grounded theory develops explanatory theories of basic social processes studied in context.” (p. 1372)
Phenomenology
“Phenomenology is rooted in early 20th-century European philosophy. It involves the use of thick description and close analysis of lived experience to understand how meaning is created through embodied perception (Sokolowski, 2000; Stewart & Mickunas,1974).” (p. 1373)
“In phenomenology reality is comprehended through embodied experience. Through close examination of individual experiences, phenomenological analysts seek to capture the meaning and common features, or essences, of an experience or event.” (p. 1373)
“A remark attributed to Einstein that expresses the difference between embodied time and chronologic time.” (p. 1373)
Discourse Analysis
“Discourse analysis evolved from linguistic studies, literary criticism, and semiotics. It is concerned with language-in-use; that is, how individuals accomplish personal, social, and political projects through language.” (p. 1374)
“Careful analysis of language, using what Gee (2005) has described as the seven “building tasks” of language (significance, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connections, and sign systems and knowledge), can shed light on the creation and maintenance of social norms, the construction of personal and group identities, and the negotiation of social and political interaction.” (p. 1374)
“Grounded theory originates from sociology, specifically from symbolic interactionism, which posits that meaning is negotiated and understood through interactions with others in social processes (Blumer, 1986; Dey, 1999; Jeon, 2004). These social processes have structures, implied or explicit codes of conduct, and procedures that circumscribe how interactions unfold and shape the meaning that comes from them. The goal of grounded theory is to develop an explanatory theory of basic social processes, studied in the environments in which they take place (Glaser & Strauss, 1967).” (p. 1374)
Framing the Research Question
“The general methods of interpretation are fairly similar across the three approaches. […] All three interpretive methods distill textual data to a set of categories or concepts from which the final product can be drawn.” (p. 1375)
“Phenomenologists ask questions about lived experiences, as contrasted with abstract interpretations of experience or opinions about them (van Manen,1990).” (p. 1374)
“Typical sample sizes for phenomenological studies range from 1 to 10 persons.” (p. 1375)
“Discourse analysts explore how knowledge, meaning, identities, and social goods are negotiated and constructed through language-in-use.” (p. 1374)
“The products of discourse analysis use evidence from participants’ narratives and other texts to expose the ways in which people use language to accomplish their objectives; as such, discourse analyses often have a pragmatic aim and require more analytic abstraction.” (p. 1376)
“Grounded theorists inquire about how social structures and processes influence how things are accomplished through a given set of social interactions.” (p. 1374)
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